{"id":259,"date":"2020-12-22T17:24:14","date_gmt":"2020-12-22T16:24:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/?page_id=259"},"modified":"2021-12-10T13:27:59","modified_gmt":"2021-12-10T12:27:59","slug":"motivation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/motivation\/","title":{"rendered":"Motivation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Despite global efforts for renewable energy implementation and electrification of vehicles, fossil fuels still represent ~80% of global energy production [1] (79% in the EU), while CO2 emissions reached an all-time peak in 2018 [2]. The transport sector is responsible for ~21% of total energy utilisation; the heavy-duty, marine and aviation sectors represent more than 2\/3<sup>rds<\/sup> of liquid fuel burning. Unfortunately, usage of liquid fuels is expected to increase more than 50% compared to today\u2019s levels over the next two decades, due to the constantly increasing transport energy needs associated with the expansion of urbanisation and population growth [3]; see relevant forecasts in Figure 1.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-271 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/files\/2020\/12\/relevant-forcast-figures-300x113.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"627\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/files\/2020\/12\/relevant-forcast-figures-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/files\/2020\/12\/relevant-forcast-figures-768x289.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/files\/2020\/12\/relevant-forcast-figures.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> (a) Primary energy utilisation and forecast till 2040. (b) Energy source and forecast for the transport sector. (c) Distribution of liquid fuel for different types of powertrains [1].<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Low carbon technologies and electric vehicles (EV) are gradually becoming a reality for passenger cars, but with almost no penetration to the heavy-duty transportation sector [4] (Figure 2), where no more than 15% of the trucks fleet is expected to be electrified over the next two decades. In addition to operational factors, such as infrastructure, battery price, maintenance and reliability, penetration of plug-in EVs in the global market faces considerable technological challenges, including <strong>the design and efficiency of today\u2019s EV Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) required for its cooling<\/strong>. Typically, today\u2019s BTMSs comprise air or indirect water\/glycol cooling systems. Li-ion batteries have a limited temperature range of operation, i.e. 15\u201360 \u00b0C [5], with the optimal value lying below 40oC, while there is also a requirement for 5\u00b0C temperature non-uniformity among the cells at the pack level [6] in order to avoid further power loss and cell overheating. Typical heat production rates for current state-of-the-art batteries are in the range of 10<sup>5<\/sup> W\/m3, while the allowed temperature rise by today\u2019s commercial BTMSs is of the order of 30 \u00b0C. This affects BTMSs charging time and battery degradation and lifetime, hence, it constitutes a major prohibiting factor in their much-needed expansion to the transport sector.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-273 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/files\/2020\/12\/forcast-for-electrification-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"406\" height=\"262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/files\/2020\/12\/forcast-for-electrification-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/files\/2020\/12\/forcast-for-electrification.jpg 742w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> (b) Forecast for electrification of vehicles by 2040, using existing battery and thermal management technologies [4].<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong><u>References<\/u><\/strong><u>:<\/u><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>[1] BP. <em>Energy Outlook 2019 Ed.<\/em>(2019).<br \/>\n[2] Figueres, C. <em>Nature <\/em>564, 27 (2018).<br \/>\n[3] United Nations. <em>World Urban. Prospect. <\/em>(2015).<br \/>\n[4] BloombergNEF. <em>Electr. Veh. Outlook 2019 <\/em>(2019).<br \/>\n[5] Al-Zareer, M. <em>et al. Int. J. Energy Res. <\/em>42, 3182 (2018).<br \/>\n[6] Siddique, A. R. M. <em>et al. J. Power Sources <\/em>401, 224 (2018).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"entry-summary\">\nDespite global efforts for renewable energy implementation and electrification of vehicles, fossil fuels still represent ~80% of global energy production (79% in the EU), while CO2 emissions reached an all-time peak in 2018 . The transport sector is responsible…\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/motivation\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> “Motivation”<\/span>…<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3124,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_rrze_cache":"enabled","footnotes":""},"workflow_usergroup":[],"class_list":["post-259","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/259","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3124"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=259"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/259\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":502,"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/259\/revisions\/502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=259"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"workflow_usergroup","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.horizon2020-ibat.eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/workflow_usergroup?post=259"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}